Switch from specialized to generalized pollination
نویسندگان
چکیده
منابع مشابه
Pollination efficiency and the evolution of specialized deceptive pollination systems.
The ultimate causes of evolution of highly specialized pollination systems are little understood. We investigated the relationship between specialization and pollination efficiency, defined as the proportion of pollinated flowers relative to those that experienced pollen removal, using orchids with different pollination strategies as a model system. Rewarding orchids showed the highest pollinat...
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Generalized pollination systems and autonomous self fertilization are traits that have been linked with plant invasiveness. However, whether specialized pollination requirements pose a significant barrier to plant invasions is not yet clear. Likewise, the contribution of pollinators to the fecundity of facultatively self pollinating invasive plant species is poorly understood. We addressed thes...
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When does a specialized rather than a general education system result in superior labour market outcomes? This question is analyzed in an economy in which individuals differ in two ways: innate talent and how well informed they are about that talent. Some learn early on about which careers they are suited to while others become informed about their talents later in life. Firms value productivit...
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Theory predicts that tighter correlation between floral traits and weaker relationship between floral and vegetative traits more likely occur in specialized flowers than generalized flowers, favoring by precise fit with pollinators. However, traits and trait correlations frequently vary under different environments. Through detecting spatiotemporal variation in phenotypic traits (floral organ s...
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Switch-setting games like Lights Out are typically modelled as a graph, where the vertices represent switches and lamps, and the edges capture the switching rules. We generalize the concepts used for a mathematical description of Lights Out and its relatives. Our approach uses bipartite graphs and allows for the analysis of a broader class of switch-setting games, which is demonstrated at a new...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Nature
سال: 1998
ISSN: 0028-0836,1476-4687
DOI: 10.1038/29210